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Tax Equivalent Yield Calculator

Compare a tax-exempt yield with taxable alternatives by combining federal, state, and local marginal rates, then review the matching taxable-equivalent yield across common brackets.

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Municipal Bond Comparison

Tax equivalent yield calculator guide: marginal tax rate, municipal income, and taxable yield comparison

A tax equivalent yield calculator estimates the taxable yield needed to match a tax-exempt income stream after federal, state, and local taxes. It is a useful comparison tool for municipal bonds and other tax-favored income, but the answer is only as reliable as the marginal tax-rate assumption behind it.

What tax equivalent yield is measuring

Tax equivalent yield converts a tax-exempt yield into the pre-tax yield a taxable investment would need to offer to leave the same after-tax income. That makes it useful when you are comparing municipal-bond income with taxable bonds, CDs, or money-market alternatives.

The concept is simple, but it still depends on the investor's actual marginal tax exposure. If the tax rate is entered too low or too high, the comparison can become misleading even when the formula itself is correct.

The formula and the combined-rate assumption

The standard formula divides the tax-exempt yield by one minus the marginal tax rate. This calculator uses a simplified combined marginal rate by adding the entered federal, state, and local percentages together, then shows how the same tax-exempt yield compares across several bracket examples.

That simplification is intentional and transparent. It does not model state-specific municipal-bond exemptions, deductibility interactions, the alternative minimum tax, or other tax-law nuances that may matter in real planning.

Tax-equivalent yield = Tax-exempt yield / (1 - Combined marginal tax rate)

The core relationship used to convert tax-free income into a taxable-yield equivalent.

Combined marginal tax rate = Federal rate + State rate + Local rate

The simplified additive rate assumption used by this version of the calculator.

Worked example: 4.20% tax-exempt yield at a 30% combined rate

Suppose a tax-exempt bond offers 4.20% and the investor's combined marginal rate is 30%. The tax-equivalent yield is 6.00%, meaning a taxable bond would need to yield about 6.00% before tax to match the same after-tax income stream.

That does not automatically make the municipal bond the better choice. Credit quality, duration, call features, state tax treatment, and liquidity still matter. The result simply puts the tax advantage into a common yield language.

Why the tax-rate input needs care

Marginal and effective tax rates are not the same. Tax-equivalent yield is usually framed around the marginal rate because it is comparing the tax treatment of the next dollar of investment income, not the average rate paid across all income.

It is also important to compare like with like. A tax-exempt bond's yield to maturity or yield to worst should not be compared with a taxable bond's coupon rate. Use comparable yield measures on both sides of the decision.

Further reading

Frequently asked questions

Why should I use a marginal tax rate instead of an effective tax rate?

Because tax-equivalent yield is comparing the tax treatment of the next dollar of investment income. The marginal rate is usually the more relevant assumption for that comparison than an average effective rate across all income.

Does tax-exempt always mean completely tax-free?

No. Interest can be federally tax-exempt while still creating state, local, AMT, or other tax consequences depending on the bond and the investor's situation.

Should I compare tax-equivalent yield with a taxable bond's coupon rate?

Usually no. It is better to compare like with like, such as yield to maturity, yield to call, or yield to worst on both investments rather than mixing a tax-equivalent yield with a coupon rate.

Does a higher tax-equivalent yield prove the muni is the better investment?

No. It only shows the taxable yield needed to match after-tax income. Credit risk, call risk, duration, state tax treatment, and liquidity can still change the better overall choice.

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