The double-angle formulas
The three main double-angle identities are: sin(2θ) = 2 sin(θ) cos(θ), cos(2θ) = cos²(θ) - sin²(θ), and tan(2θ) = 2 tan(θ) / (1 - tan²(θ)).
The cosine double-angle formula has two equivalent forms: cos(2θ) = 2cos²(θ) - 1 = 1 - 2sin²(θ). These are useful for integration and simplifying expressions.